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Koirala Institute of Health Sciences 2. Free end of chromatids are known as Telomeres, which when intact do not permit fusion with adjacent cromosomes In certain chromosome, secondary constriction exists near one end of chromatid Part of chromatid beyond sencondary constriction looks like satellites.
Chromosomes with satellite bodies are known as SAT- chromosomes. Secondary constriction are concerned with formation of nucleoli, so they are also known as Nucleolar Organizers 7. It is made up of deoxyribose sugar molecule and nucleotides.
In male it is XX and in female it is XY 9. According to position of centromere: 1. Metacentric: Chromosome with a centromere located in middle of chromosome ; Two arm are almost equal 2. Submetacentric: Chromosome with a centromere located slightly away form midpoint; Two arm are unequal 3. Telocentric: centromere at its Terminal position; Each chromatid therefore has only one arm There will be either 45, 46, or 47 chromosomes.
Knowing the number of chromosomes will be a big help in identifying the unknown karyotype. Using scissors, cut out the chromosomes and arrange them on a blank karyotype form with the kinetochore on the dotted line using the Denver System. Denver System Table. Group Chromosome. Longest with median kinetochore.
Second longest, kinetochore slightly off center. Third longest with median kinetochore. Four long chromosomes with kinetochore close to one end. Fourteen medium length chromosomes with slightly sub-median. Four chromosomes, shorter than E group with median kinetochores. Four shortest chromosomes with sub-median kinetochores.
It is difficult to see any short arms. Similar to C group but often the largest in this group. A 14 chromosome and a 21 chromosome will appear to be missing and there will seem to be an extra C. This is because one of the 21 chromosomes is attached to the short arm of one of the 14 chromosomes. The two 21 chromosomes will appear to be missing and there will seem to be an extra F chromosome.
This is because the two 21 chromosomes are attached to each other at their kinetochores. Put this attachment on the 21 space of the karyotype form. Turner's Syndrome. One of the X chromosomes is missing. One of the 21 chromosomes will appear to be missing because a 21 chromosome is attached to the sub median kinetochore of a 21 chromosome.
Put this chromosome in the space of the missing 21 chromosome. The karyotype will appear to be normal except one of the 5 B chromosomes will have lost part of its short arm. XYY Super Male. Place this extra Y chromosome with the other Y chromosome. XXY Klinefelter. Place the extra X chromosome with the other X chromosome.
XXX Super Female.
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